Munich Agreement Document

During World War II, British Prime Minister Churchill, who rejected the agreement when it was signed, decided that the terms of the agreement would not be respected after the war and that the Sudetenland territories should be returned to post-war Czechoslovakia. On August 5, 1942, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk: The slogan “About us, without us!” (Czech: O nás bez nás!) summarizes the feelings of the Czechoslovak people (now Slovakia and the Czech Republic) towards the agreement. [Citation needed] With the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany, Czechoslovakia (as the state was renamed) lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications. Without it, its independence became more nominal than real. Czechoslovakia also lost 70% of its steel industry, 70% of its electricity supply and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of colonization. [61] Sudeten Germans celebrate what they considered their liberation. The impending war, it seems, had been averted. On September 28, at 10:00 a..m m., four hours before the deadline and without accepting Hitler`s request to Czechoslovakia, the British ambassador to Italy, Lord Perth, summoned Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano to request an urgent meeting. [37] Perth told Ciano that Chamberlain had asked him to include Mussolini in the negotiations and to urge Hitler to postpone the ultimatum. [37] At 11:00.m., Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain`s proposal; Mussolini agreed and responded by calling the Italian ambassador to Germany and telling him: “Go immediately to the Führer and tell him that whatever happens, I will be at his side, but that I ask for a delay of twenty-four hours before the start of hostilities. In the meantime, I`ll explore what can be done to fix the problem. [40] Hitler receives Mussolini`s message during talks with the French ambassador.

Hitler told the ambassador: “My good friend, Benito Mussolini, asked me to postpone the marching orders of the German army by twenty-four hours, and I agreed. Of course, this was not a concession, as the date of the invasion was set for October 1, 1938. [41] In a conversation with Chamberlain, Lord Perth thanked Mussolini and asked that Mussolini be granted on September 29. In September, a four-power conference of Britain, France, Germany and Italy is expected to attend a four-power conference in Munich to resolve the Sudetenland problem before the 2:00 p.m. deadline. Mussolini agreed. [41] Hitler`s only demand was to ensure that Mussolini was included in the conference negotiations. [41] When U.S.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt learned that the conference was scheduled, he telegraphed Chamberlain, “Good man.” [42] September 29-30, 1938: Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France sign the Munich Accords, according to which Czechoslovakia must hand over its border regions and defenses (the so-called Sudetenland) to Nazi Germany. German troops occupied these areas between 1 and 10 October 1938. The agreement was generally well received. French Prime Minister Daladier did not believe, as one scholar put it, that a European war was justified “to keep three million Germans under Czech sovereignty.” But the same argument applies to Alsace-Lorraine – unlike the alliance between France and Czechoslovakia against German aggression. Gallup polls in Britain, France and the United States showed that the majority of people supported the deal. Czechoslovak President Beneš was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1939. [52] The Munich Accords (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; German: Munich Agreement) or Munich Betrayal (Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Mníchovská zrada) was an agreement concluded on 30 September 1938 in Munich between Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. It provided for the “cession of the Sudeten German territory” from Czechoslovakia to Germany. [1] Most European countries celebrated the agreement because it prevented the war threatened by Adolf Hitler by allowing the annexation of the Sudetenland by Nazi Germany, a region in western Czechoslovakia inhabited by more than 3 million people, mostly German-speaking. Hitler proclaimed this was his last territorial claim in Europe, and the choice seemed to be between war and appeasement.

Hitler sabotaged all of Chamberlain`s attempts at mediation, and war seemed inevitable after the British cabinet rejected the so-called Godesberg Memorandum, in which Hitler demanded Germany`s entry into the Sudetenland on October 1, 1938. However, Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini managed to persuade Hitler to agree to international negotiations. With Mussolini as their mediator, Hitler, Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier met in Munich and signed the following agreement, which allowed the sudetenland to be ceded to the German Reich without the participation of the Czechoslovak government. In return, Hitler renounced any territorial claim to the rest of the country. Chamberlain regarded the agreement as a great diplomatic success and gave a famous speech on his return to England, in which he described it as a guarantee of “peace in our time.” Hitler, however, despite his supposed triumph, felt betrayed by his war. He did not respect the terms of the agreement and continued the liquidation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Later in the session, a pre-arranged deception was made to influence Chamberlain and put pressure on him: one of Hitler`s advisers entered the room to inform Hitler that other Germans had been killed in Czechoslovakia, to which Hitler shouted in response: “I will avenge each of them. The Czechs must be annihilated. [32] The meeting ended with Hitler`s refusal to make concessions to the Allies` demands. [32] Later that evening, Hitler worried that he had gone too far to put pressure on Chamberlain and called the suite of Chamberlain`s hotel and said he would agree to annex only the Sudetenland, with no plans in other areas, provided that Czechoslovakia began the evacuation of ethnic Czechs from German-majority territories by September 26 at 8:00 a.m. .m. am 30.

In September 1938,[43] Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Accords. The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini, although the Italian plan was in fact almost identical to Godesberg`s proposal: the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by October 10 and an international commission would decide on the future of the other disputed territories. (8) The Czechoslovak Government shall release, within four weeks of the date of this Agreement, from its military and police forces all Sudeten Germans who wish to be released, and the Czechoslovak Government shall release, within the same period, Sudeten German prisoners serving prison sentences for political offences. Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. The Czechoslovak government, recognizing the desperation of the struggle against the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (September 30) and agreed to abide by the agreement. The colony gave Germany the Sudetenland from October 10 and de facto control of the rest of Czechoslovakia, as long as Hitler promised not to go any further. On September 30, after a little rest, Chamberlain went to Hitler`s house and asked him to sign a peace treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany. After Hitler`s interpreter translated it for him, he happily accepted. Later that day, he stood in front of 10 Downing Street and reread the document and concluded: The New York Times headline on the Munich Accords read: “Hitler gets less than his demands from the Sudetenland” and reported that a “cheerful crowd” cheered Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was “savagely acclaimed” on his return to Britain. [54] The British people expected war to come, and Chamberlain`s “statesman gesture” was initially greeted with applause. He was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited to the balcony of Buckingham Palace before presenting the deal to the British Parliament.

The generally positive reaction quickly deteriorated, despite the royal patronage. However, there was resistance from the beginning. Clement Attlee and the Labour Party rejected the deal, in alliance with two Conservative MPs, Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams, who until then had been seen as a stubborn and reactionary element in the Conservative Party. The original copies of the Munich Agreement will be on display at the National Museum from 28 October to 15 March. Meanwhile, a copy of the document was published sunday in the Czech Senate. GERMANY, the United Kingdom, France and Italy, taking into account the agreement in principle already concluded on the allocation of the German territory of the Sudetenland to Germany, have agreed on the following conditions for the cession and the measures deriving therefrom, and by this agreement they each hold themselves responsible for the measures necessary to ensure their implementation: [silent] A meeting at the Munich Conference of An agreement signed in September 1938 cedes the German-speaking Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany. .